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Home  /  Forum  /  Koffiekamer  /  elektrische auto, redding van de autobranche?

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elektrische auto, redding van de autobranche?

3.216 Posts
Pagina: «« 1 ... 45 46 47 48 49 ... 161 »» | Laatste | Omlaag ↓
  1. forum rang 10 voda 7 juli 2017 16:56
    Andere bron, voor het Volvo nieuws:

    Volvo cars to have an electric motor from 2019

    Volvo Cars, the premium car maker, has announced that every Volvo it launches from 2019 will have an electric motor, marking the historic end of cars that have only an internal combustion engine and placing electrification at the core of its future business. The announcement represents one of the most significant moves by any car maker to embrace electrification, and highlights how, over a century after the invention of the internal combustion engine, electrification is paving the way for a new chapter in automotive history.

    Mr Hakan Samuelsson President and Chief Executive of Volvo Cars said that "This is about the customer. People increasingly demand electrified cars, and we want to respond to our customers' current and future needs. You can now pick and choose whichever electrified Volvo you wish."

    Volvo Cars will introduce a portfolio of electrified cars across its model range, embracing fully electric cars, plug-in hybrid cars and mild-hybrid cars.

    It will launch five fully electric cars between 2019 and 2021, three of which will be Volvo models and two of which will be high-performance electrified cars from Polestar, Volvo Cars' performance car arm. Full details of these models will be announced at a later date.

    These five cars will be supplemented by a range of petrol and diesel plug-in hybrid and mild-hybrid 48-volt options on all models, representing one of the broadest electrified car offerings of any car maker.

    This means that there will in future be no Volvo cars without an electric motor, as pure ICE cars are gradually phased out and replaced by ICE cars that are enhanced with electrified options.

    Mr Samuelsson said that "This announcement marks the end of the solely combustion engine-powered car. Volvo Cars has stated that it plans to have sold a total of 1m electrified cars by 2025. When we said it we meant it. This is how we are going to do it."

    Source : India Today
  2. forum rang 10 voda 11 juli 2017 20:06
    Tesla ziet verkoop in Hongkong instorten na stopzetten subsidie

    Autofabrikant Tesla heeft in de maand april geen enkel voertuig meer verkocht in Hongkong, nadat de de lokale belastingsubsidie op elektrische auto's per 1 april is komen te vervallen. Dat meldt zakenkrant The Wall Street Journal op basis van data van de lokale overheid.

    Vlak voor het stopzetten van de regeling in Hongkong is er nog wel een run geweest op Tesla's: in maart zette de Amerikaanse fabrikant 2939 voertuigen af, circa tweemaal zo veel als in de hele tweede helft van 2016.

    Verschil

    De prijs van een Tesla Model S lag inclusief belastingkorting op $75.000, maar de auto kost sinds het stopzetten van de regeling $130.000. De regeling is in ieder geval tot maart 2018 van de baan, en de autoriteiten gaan voor die tijd hun fiscale behandeling van elektrische auto's evalueren.

    Tesla splitst zijn verkoopcijfers niet uit op landenniveau, maar ontkent desgevraagd tegenover de Wall Street Journal dat zijn Chinese verkopen afhankelijk zouden zijn van belastingkortingen: de verkoopcijfers zouden in continentaal China zijn gestegen zonder stimuli.

    Beurswaarde

    Het beursfonds Tesla had vorige week zwaar te lijden onder tegenvallende verkoop- en productiecijfers: het leverde op twee handelsdagen in totaal ongeveer 13% van zijn beurswaarde ofwel $7 mrd in op de Techbeurs Nasdaq. Het bedrijf verloor daarmee zijn positie als hoogst gewaardeerde automaker aan General Motors.

    Maandag kreeg de Tesla-koers weer een impuls van 0,7% toen het bedrijf het eerste exemplaar van de nieuwe Model 3-reeks afleverde. Oprichter Elon Musk tweette foto's van de auto, en meldde dat hij er zelf in zou gaan rijden. De Model 3 zal in de VS $35.000 gaan kosten, minder dan de helft van de populaire Model S. De VS bieden echter $7500 belastingvoordeel op de aanschaf.

    fd.nl/ondernemen/1209881/tesla-ziet-v...
  3. forum rang 10 voda 14 juli 2017 12:59
    China could field nearly half of new electric car models by 2020 - study

    Reuters reported that Chinese automakers are on track to produce 49 of the 103 new electric car models that will be launched globally by 2020, as part of China's push to accelerate the switch to battery power from oil.

    US consulting firm AlixPartners also said China is aiming to have nearly two-thirds of the world's manufacturing capacity for lithium-ion batteries by 2021, and is investing to support current sales of domestic-brand electric vehicles in the world's largest car market.

    Already, Chinese automakers account for 96% of the electric vehicles sold in the country, AlixPartners said. Automakers sold about 350,000 electric vehicles in China in 2016 - still less than 2% of total vehicle sales.

    AlixPartners forecast that by 2025, electric vehicle batteries should be close to even with internal combustion engines in terms of production costs. Lower battery costs could help boost consumer acceptance.

    Mr John Hoffecker the firm's global vice chairman, told reporters at the Automotive Press Association in Detroit on Tuesday that other factors, such as a significant reduction of the time it takes to recharge electric car batteries, will be critical to efforts to win over reluctant consumers.

    AlixPartners also cautioned that many of the roughly 50 companies it counts as contestants in the race to develop self-driving cars won't go the distance.

    Mr Hoffecker said that "It's impossible to believe there will be 50 successful autonomous vehicle companies.”

    In the United States, AlixPartners said automakers will have to contend with funding investments in new technology against deep-pocketed technology industry players such as Apple Inc and Alphabet Inc, even as sales of cars and light trucks slide into a cyclical trough.

    Source : Reuters
    Bijlage:
  4. forum rang 10 voda 14 juli 2017 13:02
    Electric car boom won't spell 'end of oil' - Mr Fatih Birol

    AFP cited Mr Fatih Birol, the head of the International Energy Agency, as saying that the use of electric cars is set to grow in the coming years, but this will not spell the end of demand for oil. Mr Fatih Birol told Agence France-Presse in an interview that the growth of electric cars was starting from a very small base and oil would still be needed for ships, planes and trucks. Focus on the game-changing potential of electric cars has increased dramatically in the last weeks.

    France said that it will end sales of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040 and Volvo Cars plans to start phasing out production of conventional petrol-only cars from 2019, with all new models to be electric or hybrid from that date.

    Mr Birol, whose inter-governmental organisation seeks to ensure a reliable energy supply for its member states, said that "Today, many people talk about electric cars -- rightly so because electric car sales are increasing. Last year we have seen a record in the sale of electric cars." But even on these record sales, the number of electric cars today has only reached two million, just 0.2 percent of the global car fleet.

    He said that "It will grow but it will not bring us the end of the oil era. Oil demand will be driven by trucks, it is going to be driven by aviation, by jets, by ships and, very importantly, the petrochemical industry. So it is very difficult to substitute oil in these sectors at least in the short and medium term."

    The oil industry has over the last years been buffeted by the low price of crude and also pressure for a reduction of emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on fighting climate change.

    Meanwhile, interest in renewable energy has surged, raising questions over whether demand for oil will run out even before resources are exhausted.

    Source : AFP
  5. forum rang 10 voda 17 juli 2017 22:36
    Global automakers call on China to soften electric car quotas

    Economic Times reported that global automakers have urged China to delay and soften planned quotas for sales of electric and hybrid cars, saying the current proposals are impossible to meet and would cause big disruption to their businesses, according to a letter seen by Reuters. The letter, dated June 18 and addressed to China's Minister of Industry and Information Technology, Miao Wei, amounts to a protest against key elements of the country's new energy vehicles policy.

    The policy includes a goal for hybrid and electric cars to make up at least a fifth of Chinese vehicle sales by 2025, with a staggered system of quotas beginning in 2018.

    The letter said that "The proposed rules' ambitious enforcement date is not possible to meet, and if unchanged would lead to a widespread disruption of the product portfolio of most automakers operating in China. At a minimum, the mandate needs to be delayed a year and include additional flexibilities.”

    It is signed by the American Automotive Policy Council, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA).

    As well as aiming to reduce pollution, China is looking to promote electric vehicles to try to steal a march on European, US and Japanese automakers which have long outpaced Chinese companies in exports of combustion engine cars.

    According to management consultants McKinsey & Co, 43% of the 870,000 electric cars produced in 2016 came from China. Germany and the United States accounted for 23% and 17% respectively.

    The letter said that "Because we have common concerns with the proposed NEV rules, we have joined together to offer, with utmost respect, six recommended modifications that address those concerns while still meeting the goals of those rules and other related policies.”

    The foreign automakers requested a delay in implementing the quotas and for China to reconsider some of the penalties for not reaching them, such as plans to ban carmakers from importing and producing non-NEV vehicles altogether.

    They also called for equal treatment of Chinese and foreign makers. Currently foreign carmakers are excluded from getting full subsidies for NEVs and batteries, leaving manufacturers such as U.S. group Tesla, at a disadvantage.

    The letter further said that "This preference for domestic automakers over import automakers undermines the environmental goals of the regulation, puts imports at a competitive disadvantage, and risks opening China up to international trade disputes.”

    Source : Economic Times
    Bijlage:
  7. [verwijderd] 20 juli 2017 16:42
    www.marketwatch.com/story/beyond-tesl...

    TESLA..another fraud supported by subsidies. DO you want to know the truth? Watch the sales in Australia, where there are no subsidies. I will save you time:

    Jan 2016: After being touted as the next big thing in motoring, sales of electric cars have almost come to a halt in Australia after more than five years of experimental models.

    Official sales figures show just 219 electric cars were reported as sold last year or just 0.0018 per cent of the total market — a staggering drop of 90 per cent from the previous year.

    Na Hong Kong ook naar 0?
  8. Zheng He 20 juli 2017 16:55
    quote:

    paulta schreef op 20 juli 2017 16:42:

    www.marketwatch.com/story/beyond-tesl...

    TESLA..another fraud supported by subsidies. DO you want to know the truth? Watch the sales in Australia, where there are no subsidies. I will save you time:

    Jan 2016: After being touted as the next big thing in motoring, sales of electric cars have almost come to a halt in Australia after more than five years of experimental models.

    Official sales figures show just 219 electric cars were reported as sold last year or just 0.0018 per cent of the total market — a staggering drop of 90 per cent from the previous year.

    Na Hong Kong ook naar 0?
    De link gaat niet over het onderwerp, andere link misschien?
  9. [verwijderd] 20 juli 2017 17:01
    Een van the comments onder het artikel, meestens een local vanuit het land zelf die er melding van maakt.

    In Nederland zal het niet veel anders zijn, subsidie weg= verkopen naar 0 bolides op jaarbasis, het is een hype, een politiek speeltje zonder enige meerwaarde, maar dat kan nog veranderen natuurlijk!
  10. Zheng He 20 juli 2017 17:52
    Maar het zijn niet de Australiers die de toekomst van de electrische auto bepalen, maar de Chinezen. De chinezen kunnen kiezen tussen of geld uitgeven aan subsidies van electrische auto's of geld uitgeven aan het tegengaan van de enorme luchtvervuiling in de enorme steden (bijvoorbeeld Chongquing heeft 36 miljoen inwoners). Reken maar dat de Chinezen strategisch inzicht hebben.
    www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/20...
  11. forum rang 10 voda 20 juli 2017 19:57
    Porsche Stuttgart plant to build electric cars

    Economic Times reported that Porsche is spending a billion euros (USD 1.16 billion) to overhaul its main Stuttgart plant and build the brand's first battery-only model, the four-door Mission E saloon which is due on the market in 2019. It is the first German carmaker to say in public that it could discontinue diesel.

    Mr Oliver Blume CEO said that "Of course we are looking into this issue. We have not made a decision on it." He said that whether diesel has a future at Porsche will be decided by the end of the decade, as part of an overall engine strategy, adding that the brand will offer a mix of combustion engines, plug-in hybrid vehicles and purely battery-powered cars over the next 10 to 15 years.

    German prosecutors last month started probing Porsche staff for their role in designing illicit engine-control software while regulators examined whether the Porsche Cayenne SUV was fitted with such a device.

    Mr Blume said that Porsche and Audi, together accounting for 60 percent of VW group profit, are targeting "significant savings" in development and material costs for their electric-car programmes by sharing a new platform code named PPE.

    Mr Blume said that the new architecture will allow both brands to save money by sharing components and modules, helping Porsche with a goal to keep its return on sales at around 15% a year, adding that further shared platforms are conceivable.

    Source : Economic Times
  12. forum rang 4 midjj 20 juli 2017 19:58
    Tsja, elektrische auto's... Zo weinig mensen vragen zich af waar die elektriciteit dan toch vandaan komt...Kolen wellicht? En als het geen kolen zijn, biobrandstof? En waar komt die dan weer vandaan? Landbouwgrond?
    Hoe duurzaam is die hele hype eigenlijk? Waar worden de accu's van gemaakt? En dan nog zwaar gesubsidieerd ook. Ik moet het nog zien.
  13. Zheng He 21 juli 2017 10:09
    quote:

    midjj schreef op 20 juli 2017 19:58:

    Tsja, elektrische auto's... Zo weinig mensen vragen zich af waar die elektriciteit dan toch vandaan komt...Kolen wellicht? En als het geen kolen zijn, biobrandstof? En waar komt die dan weer vandaan? Landbouwgrond?
    Hoe duurzaam is die hele hype eigenlijk? Waar worden de accu's van gemaakt? En dan nog zwaar gesubsidieerd ook. Ik moet het nog zien.
    Gelukkig maar dat u zich dat allemaal afvraagt.
  15. [verwijderd] 22 juli 2017 16:21
    De gemeente Amsterdam gaat door met plofmotoren, al het rijdend materieel van de hoofdstad gaat NIET over op elektrisch heeft de zittende wethouder gecommuniceerd met de media, de aanbestedingen mikken niet op elektrisch.

    Best wel vreemd om uit te leggen aan het volk, ik denk dat het gewoon niet praktisch is en in de praktijk zo goed als onmogelijk is om in te passen.

    waar beroepsgroepen als koeriers, taxis en grotere bedrijven onder dwang op "elektrisch" moeten overstappen onder dwang van "vanaf 2018 niet meer welkom, vanaf beging 2019 verboden, entree-verbod binnen de ring, uitgesloten van deelname vanaf 2021 enz enz..."

    Ik vraag altijd aan de taxichauffeur wat zijn ervaringen zijn met zijn elektrische kar..."Veel storingen, altijd stress van bijna leeg, veel duurder in aanschaf, in de winter draait alles veel slechter, dit is in ieder geval eens maar nooit meer"

    Een meer dan schofterige behandeling voor deze beroepsgroep, het is kanonnenvlees, experimenteel gebeuren op kosten van diezelfde ondernemer, de PvdA moet verdwijnen uit Amsterdam, de recente verkiezingen hebben aangeven dat ze moeten vertrekken......
  16. [verwijderd] 22 juli 2017 16:34
    www.parool.nl/amsterdam/gemeentevoert...

    "Het gaat om brandstoffen voor 366 gemeentevoertuigen die gezamenlijk 3,8 miljoen liter per jaar verbranden. In de aangepaste aanbesteding schrijft de gemeente opeens botweg dat de voertuigen niet kunnen rijden op alleen biobrandstof..."

    Ondernemers, bedrijven en ZZP-ers moeten dat dus wel kunnen, wat is het verschil?

    Het is gewoon onverkoopbare rotzooi, een Hype!
  17. Zheng He 22 juli 2017 20:58
    Ach, Amsterdam is een dorp in Europa, een plaats waar men zich lichtelijk overschat als centrum van de wereld. Een hype in Amsterdam, waar heb je het over.
    Voor 1500 miljoen consumenten geldt duidelijk wat anders en onze buren snappen wel wat de toekomst is. (Maar die maken dan ook auto's)
    cleantechnica.com/2017/06/16/china-12...
  18. forum rang 10 voda 26 juli 2017 21:16
    Spongy zinc battery may beat lithium-ion on safety, price, recycling

    5 photo's

    If nearly 500,000 deposits of $1,000 each on the new Tesla Model 3 indicate bridled demand, the electric cars have a sure future.
    Tesla plans to start delivery of the $35,000 vehicles on July 28, when it will release the first 30. Palo Alto-based Tesla aims to crank out about three cars a day in August, boost output to 1,500 in September and build to a rate of 20,000 a month by the end of 2017.
    Tesla electric cars rely on lithium-ion batteries. The company is building a gargantuan battery factory in Nevada — some 5.8 million square feet — slated for completion in 2020. The enormous production capacity could drive down battery costs by about 30 percent, Tesla said, from batteries now produced by Panasonic in Japan.

    But a Marin-based aerospace engineer sees problems with lithium-ion technology: potential for explosions as occurred in Samsung phones in 2016; high cost; and poor recyclability. He suggests zinc, the metal used to stop corrosion in galvanized steel, as an alternative.
    In June, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory entered a commercial licensing agreement with EnZinc, co-founded by San Anselmo-based Michael Burz, the company’s president, who worked previously on design of the Tomahawk cruise missile as well as for Nissan. The agreement gives the company exclusive rights to a nickel-zinc battery for use in electric road vehicles, hybrids based on the battery and microgrids up to 60 megawatts.
    Burz expects his zinc-based battery technology to be ready for market in about two years, with another year to gear up production.
    The next step is to put the zinc battery into a case then heat, freeze and overcharge it, simulating real-world stresses that can derail technology. Then EnZinc will test the battery in electric bicycles and cars.

    Battery failure can derail a business. Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 lithium-ion batteries caused fires and explosions last year and cost the company some $5 billion as it recalled nearly 3 million smartphones. Some of the 3,500-milliamp-hour batteries were too big for the smartphones, causing shorts, according to reports from the company, or insulation tape was missing.
    Samsung aims to rebound from the fiasco with release of a Galaxy Note 8 expected by September. They still have lithium-ion batteries.
    Huge market for batteries

    Energy storage is a gigantic marketplace. Two battery designs dominate the field: lead-acid batteries commonly used to start gas and diesel cars, and lithium-ion batteries used in smartphones and electric cars.

    Transparency Market Research estimated the global lithium-ion-battery market at $30 billion in 2015, rising to more than $75 billion by 2024.

    Competition among scientists and engineers is intense in the field. Scientists tried using various materials to boost battery efficiency, with modest results, for decades. Lithium-ion batteries may use other materials including magnesium, cadmium, manganese or cobalt oxide. The batteries contain a flammable electrolyte, raising risks beyond those of lead-acid batteries.

    EnZinc batteries incorporate less-volatile metals — zinc and nickel — in an unusual spongy architecture that addresses a problem with zinc in batteries. During charge-recharge cycles, zinc is susceptible to dendrite deposits that result from zinc oxide formation. Deposits create hot spots and short out the batteries in barely 20 cycles. Lithium-ion batteries also get dendrites, especially when charged fast, as microscopic fibers of lithium build up on the surface of the lithium electrode, eventually shorting the battery or causing a fire.

    Scientists explored a couple of ways to get around zinc’s weakness for dendrites. One is to create a flow battery; a slurry keeps moving to replace the zinc. Such batteries are big because they require pumps, tanks and valves. For energy storage in shipping-container proportions, the technology works.
    Another strategy is to slow dendrite deposits with costly additives in the electrolyte to bring the functional charge-discharge cycle number to about 500.

    The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory discovered that making a sponge structure out of zinc brought advantages. “It looks like the sponge on your sink,” Burz said, “but on a micro-scale — nanometers. Zinc oxide forms on the outside skin of the sponge, but the inside walls of the sponge are clean. They carry current (in) a continuously wired structure. There’s always a path” for electricity to travel.

    In 2015, EnZinc finished a $500,000 project under an Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy award, part of the Dept. of Energy, designed to develop technology with commercial potential. The project goal was to reach 100 cycles in the zinc batteries without dendrites.

    The zinc sponge has about 30 percent porosity. Burz is experimenting with decreasing porosity to pack more zinc into the structure, boosting lifespan. “For the first time, zinc can be used in a high-performance, totally safe, totally recyclable battery,” he said.

    Repeatedly discharging the battery to 80 percent reduces cycle life. Dropping discharge to 40 percent before recharging increased battery life to a level comparable to lithium-ion cells. The Navy is experimenting with higher-density zinc sponges that allow discharge to 60 percent.

    Batteries are measured by energy density or “specific energy”— how much energy (watt-hours) is stored in a given unit of volume (liters) or weight (kilograms). Lead-acid batteries have effective specific energy around 40, too low for use in electric cars. “We’re at around 120,” with zinc-sponge batteries a third the weight of lead-acid for equivalent energy storage. Lithium-ion cells are at around 160 “for the kind used by the Nissan Leaf,” Burz said, “to 260 or 280 for the kind used by Tesla.”

    Lithium goes rogue

    If lithium is packed too densely, danger results. “You have to control it so it doesn’t go rogue like it did on the Samsung phone,” Burz said. With a large lithium-ion battery, “going rogue” translates to becoming a bomb in a “thermal runaway.”

    A Tesla car contains nearly 140 pounds of lithium, almost 7,000 times the third of an ounce of lithium in a smartphone. A full battery pack weighs about 1,000 pounds in a Tesla car.

    Battery manufacturing for lithium-ion batteries is guided by Underwriters Laboratories standard 1642, established in 2012. “These requirements are intended to reduce the risk of fire or explosion when lithium batteries are used in a product,” according to UL.

    Tesla installed systems to manage the high energy and boost the car’s range, including a computer that carefully manages charge-discharge to avoid overheating battery modules, an active cooling system with pumped glycol, and armor on the bottom so that if the compartment is punctured, volatile electrolyte won’t ignite and “melt the car,” Burz said. The Tesla Model S required such armor, “to keep objects on the road from punching through the battery. If that happens, the battery can ignite.”

    Extra equipment drops effective specific energy from 260 to about 140, slightly better than zinc-based specific energy at 120.

    EnZinc’s batteries don’t need extra monitors, cooling system or armor. “You can puncture a zinc battery and all you get is loss of voltage,” he said. “Zinc is inherently safer. It’s harmless.”

    Zinc costs much less than lithium and is more readily available. For an electric car, a zinc-sponge battery would hold roughly 60 kilowatt-hours, weigh about 500 pounds and provide range of some 200 miles. The lithium-ion battery for a Tesla Model 3 will cost about $15,000, Burz said. “Ours will be about $10,000.”
  19. forum rang 10 voda 26 juli 2017 21:17
    Deel 2:

    Lithium scarce, zinc plentiful

    A huge deposit of lithium was discovered in 2013 near Rock Springs, Wyoming, where 25 square miles were estimated to contain some 228,000 tons of lithium potentially worth half a trillion dollars. But a Wyoming State Geological Survey report in 2016 suggested the concentration of lithium in the vast deposit is lower than that in other lithium mines worldwide, casting doubt on the enterprise commercially. Demand for battery-grade lithium soared some 17 percent since 2007, the report said, and its price quadrupled since 2000.

    Most lithium comes from China or Bolivia. Tesla’s battery factory in Nevada will draw lithium from the only active commercial lithium-carbonate mine in North America in Silver Springs, 200 miles northwest of Las Vegas. The mine employs about 80 people and is owned by Albemarle, a mining company based in Charlotte. Tesla’s factory is 45 miles by car northwest in Sparks, Nevada.

    A lithium-ion battery is not primarily made of lithium. Many lithium-ion batteries use cobalt as part of the cathode. “It’s mostly cobalt,” Burz said, accounting for a quarter to a third of battery weight. The batteries also contain manganese and aluminum.

    Most cobalt comes as a byproduct of nickel and copper. About 60 percent of the world’s supply of cobalt, which is only mildly toxic, comes from the Tenke Fungurume mine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In May 2016, China Molybdenum acquired a 56 percent interest in the mine for about $2.65 billion.

    Tesla announced it will source cobalt only in North America, but Canada and the United States produce an estimated 4 percent of the world supply. Formation Metals, a Canadian mining firm, changed its name to eCobalt Solutions in 2016 and aims to extract cobalt ore from a hefty deposit near Salmon, Idaho. “The Idaho Cobalt Project remains the sole, near term, environmentally permitted, primary cobalt deposit in the United States, the world’s largest single consumer of cobalt,” said Paul Farquharson, president and CEO of eCobalt.

    Zinc supplies are plentiful, by comparison, with sources in China, Australia, Peru and the U.S. The U.S. produces about 900,000 tons of zinc a year, much of it from the huge Red Dog Mine in Alaska, operated by Vancouver-based Teck Resources. To make batteries for a million electric vehicles would require about 600,000 tons of zinc, Burz estimates. One major international zinc company mines some 14 million tons of zinc a year. “It’s the fourth most mined metal on the planet,” he said.

    Recycling battery metals

    Lithium-ion batteries can be reprocessed to recover some of the cobalt inside, but not at purity levels needed for new batteries. Lithium is about 5 percent of the material and can be recovered for use as an additive. “People are working on this because there are going to be lots of electric cars,” Burz said.

    Batteries could be taken out of cars when their performance drops after about 7-10 years and repurposed for grid storage at lower efficiency for another 7-10 years.
    Nearly 95 percent of lead-acid batteries are recyclable, including lead, plastic container and acid. “They smash it, recycle the plastic, grab the lead and melt it down to put it in a new battery, take the sulfuric acid and use it for something else,” he said.

    Zinc batteries offer similar recycling advantages, turning zinc and nickel into new cathodes. Plastic containers can be recycled into new ones. “The whole thing is recyclable,” Burz said. “It’s three times more efficient at about the same price” as lead-acid cells. “The cycle life is two to three times” that of lead-acid.
    In stop-start vehicles such as a Prius or Chevy Malibu, the car shuts itself off when it sits at stoplights. By year 2020 or 2025, nearly 80 percent of cars will be stop-start, Burz said. Batteries have to be big enough to keep air conditioning and radio working during stops. “You keep doing that every mile and you take the life of that battery and shrink it way down,” he said.

    China has about 200 million electric two-wheeled vehicles that now use lead-acid batteries. They could be replaced with zinc-based batteries. Beyond vehicles, zinc-based batteries could be used for energy storage in micro-grids or distributed grids to add resiliency. Every home could have its own battery storage. “It’s cheaper, safer, not a lithium system sitting in your house that could explode,” Burz said. “It’s an enormous market.”

    EnZinc’s sponge anode currently in testing is a wafer about .8 millimeters thick and 1.5 centimeters in diameter. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide enclosed to curb evaporation. “We’re going to bigger and bigger cells,” Burz said, experimenting with foil pouches to test the technology. Soon the wafers will increase in size to a square about 5 centimeters across. Eventually he expects a cell to span about six inches. “We can use lead-acid-battery manufacturing equipment,” Burz said.

    “It’s like baking muffins,” Burz said of zinc-sponge manufacturing. “We make an emulsion that looks like pancake batter and pour it into a mold. Then we bake them.”

    James Dunn covers technology, biotech, law, the food industry, and banking and finance. Reach him at: james.dunn@busjrnl.com or 707-521-4257

    www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/north...
  20. forum rang 10 voda 28 juli 2017 17:07
    Electric vehicles could be a game changer for nickel producers

    Financial Review reported that strong interest in a new battery-grade nickel product Western Areas plans to produce reinforces suggestions the growing electric vehicles sector could deliver a "renaissance" for the flagging nickel market.

    Western Areas managing director Mr Dan Lougher said that Western Areas started work in the June quarter on its mill recovery enhancement project, which plans to produce a high-grade nickel concentrate product from its Forrestania nickel operations in Western Australia from the March quarter of 2018.

    He said that while the project will produce only about 1400 tonnes of the 45 to 50% nickel concentrate, compared to Western Areas' annual nickel production of about 25,000 tonnes. Mr Lougher said the Perth based miner had already fielded interest in the product from multiple global battery market players. He added that "Last week we had conversations with three separate Chinese groups.”

    "Prior to that we were talking to traders and the usual suspects with refineries, because this product can be put directly into a refinery rather than a smelter, and obviously we have been talking to large groups who are non Chinese.”

    Mr Lougher said the Chinese parties were keen on securing product from about 2020, reinforcing the view of UBS analysts in a research note last week that from about 2020 "electric vehicles could offer a renaissance for the nickel market".

    The analysts said the production of about 15 million electric vehicles in 2025 would create between 300,000 and 900,000 tonnes a year of additional demand for nickel, or a 10 to 40 per cent increase, depending on the type of chemistry used to create the battery cathodes, which is where the nickel is used.

    The battery boom could deliver price premiums to nickel producers able to produce high-grade nickel products, such as ASX-listed Independence Group and Western Areas, UBS said, rather than the ferronickel and nickel pig iron producers that account for about half of global supply.

    At present about two thirds of total demand for nickel is for the production of stainless steel, which can tolerate lower grade nickel.

    Source : Financial Review
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